# thymosin alpha 1 Research References — Complete Citation List

> Full citation list for thymosin alpha 1 research findings: PubMed IDs, DOIs, and source URLs for all studies referenced across this site.

## thymosin alpha 1 — Research References

All citations used across this site are listed below with DOIs and PubMed URLs. Every quantitative claim on every page maps to a numbered entry in this list.

## References

[1] You J, Zhuang L, Tang BZ, et al. Randomized controlled clinical trial on the treatment of Thymosin-a1 vs interferon-alpha in patients with hepatitis B. World J Gastroenterol. 2001;7(3):411-414. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4688733/
[2] Wu J, Zhou L, Liu J, et al. The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial. Crit Care. 2013;17(1):R8. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4056079/
[3] Liu F, Wang HM, Wang T, Zhang YM, Zhu X. The efficacy of thymosin alpha1 as immunomodulatory treatment for sepsis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):488. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5025565/
[4] TESTS trial investigators. The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial. BMJ. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39814420/
[5] Serafino A, Pica F, et al. Thymosin alpha1 Activates Complement Receptor-Mediated Phagocytosis in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages. J Innate Immun. 2014;6(1):72-84. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6741600/
[6] Gish RG, Gordon SC, Nelson D, Rustgi V, Rios I. A randomized controlled trial of thymalfasin plus transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int. 2009;3(3):480-489. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2748379/
[7] Costantini C, Bellet MM, Pariano M, et al. A Reappraisal of Thymosin Alpha1 in Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol. 2019;9:873. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6742685/
[8] Tao N, Xu X, Ying Y, et al. Thymosin alpha1 and Its Role in Viral Infectious Diseases: The Mechanism and Clinical Application. Molecules. 2023;28(8):3539. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10144173/
[9] Pica F, Chimenti MS, Gaziano R, et al. Serum thymosin alpha1 levels in patients with chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Immunol. 2016;186(1):39-45. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5011367/
[10] Chen C, Wang J, Xun J, et al. Role of thymosin alpha1 in restoring immune response in immunological nonresponders living with HIV. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(1):117. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10792804/
[11] Benitez G, Shehadeh F, Mylona EK, et al. Effect of thymalfasin (Thymosin-alpha-1) on reversing lymphocytopenia among patients with COVID-19. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;116:109831. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9902288/
[12] Gravenstein S, Duthie EH, Miller BA, et al. Augmentation of influenza antibody response in elderly men by thymosin alpha one. A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1989;37(1):1-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2642497/
[13] Tian Y, Yao J, Ma Y, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 alleviates inflammation and prevents infection in patients with severe acute pancreatitis through immune regulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1571456. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12208829/
[14] Simonova MA, Ivanov I, Shoshina NS, Komyakova AM, et al. Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(23):11470. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12692621/
[15] Htet NH, Naing C, Vongpunsawad S, Win TT, Poovorawan Y. Thymosin-alpha-1 for people with chronic hepatitis B (Cochrane protocol referencing prior meta-analyses). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8929401/
[16] Goldstein AL, Low TL, McAdoo M, et al. Thymosin alpha1: isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1977;74(2):725-729. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC392366/
[17] Garaci E, et al. Pharmacokinetics of thymosin alpha1 after subcutaneous injection of three different formulations in healthy volunteers. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999;51(2):185-191. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10027483/
[18] Dinetz E, Lee E. Comprehensive Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in Human Clinical Trials. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38308608/
[19] Andreone P, Gramenzi A, et al. Combination therapy with thymosin alpha1 and interferon for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection: a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trial. J Viral Hepat. 1998;5(2):99-104. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9537454/
[20] Garaci E, Perno CF, et al. A pilot study of the safety and efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 in augmenting immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients with low CD4 counts taking highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(2):273-280. https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1808897/

---

The thymosin alpha-1 research record — hepatitis trials, sepsis RCTs, immune reconstitution data — read at the source and indexed here, held by no clinic and sold by no one.