Thymosin Alpha-1 Review

thymosin alpha 1 Research References — Complete Citation List

thymosin alpha 1 — Research References

All citations used across this site are listed below with DOIs and PubMed URLs. Every quantitative claim on every page maps to a numbered entry in this list.

  1. You J, Zhuang L, Tang BZ, et al. Randomized controlled clinical trial on the treatment of Thymosin-a1 vs interferon-alpha in patients with hepatitis B. World J Gastroenterol. 2001;7(3):411-414. ↗
  2. Wu J, Zhou L, Liu J, et al. The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial. Crit Care. 2013;17(1):R8. ↗
  3. Liu F, Wang HM, Wang T, Zhang YM, Zhu X. The efficacy of thymosin alpha1 as immunomodulatory treatment for sepsis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):488. ↗
  4. TESTS trial investigators. The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial. BMJ. 2025. ↗
  5. Serafino A, Pica F, et al. Thymosin alpha1 Activates Complement Receptor-Mediated Phagocytosis in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages. J Innate Immun. 2014;6(1):72-84. ↗
  6. Gish RG, Gordon SC, Nelson D, Rustgi V, Rios I. A randomized controlled trial of thymalfasin plus transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int. 2009;3(3):480-489. ↗
  7. Costantini C, Bellet MM, Pariano M, et al. A Reappraisal of Thymosin Alpha1 in Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol. 2019;9:873. ↗
  8. Tao N, Xu X, Ying Y, et al. Thymosin alpha1 and Its Role in Viral Infectious Diseases: The Mechanism and Clinical Application. Molecules. 2023;28(8):3539. ↗
  9. Pica F, Chimenti MS, Gaziano R, et al. Serum thymosin alpha1 levels in patients with chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Immunol. 2016;186(1):39-45. ↗
  10. Chen C, Wang J, Xun J, et al. Role of thymosin alpha1 in restoring immune response in immunological nonresponders living with HIV. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(1):117. ↗
  11. Benitez G, Shehadeh F, Mylona EK, et al. Effect of thymalfasin (Thymosin-alpha-1) on reversing lymphocytopenia among patients with COVID-19. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;116:109831. ↗
  12. Gravenstein S, Duthie EH, Miller BA, et al. Augmentation of influenza antibody response in elderly men by thymosin alpha one. A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1989;37(1):1-8. ↗
  13. Tian Y, Yao J, Ma Y, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 alleviates inflammation and prevents infection in patients with severe acute pancreatitis through immune regulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1571456. ↗
  14. Simonova MA, Ivanov I, Shoshina NS, Komyakova AM, et al. Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(23):11470. ↗
  15. Htet NH, Naing C, Vongpunsawad S, Win TT, Poovorawan Y. Thymosin-alpha-1 for people with chronic hepatitis B (Cochrane protocol referencing prior meta-analyses). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022. ↗
  16. Goldstein AL, Low TL, McAdoo M, et al. Thymosin alpha1: isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1977;74(2):725-729. ↗
  17. Garaci E, et al. Pharmacokinetics of thymosin alpha1 after subcutaneous injection of three different formulations in healthy volunteers. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999;51(2):185-191. ↗
  18. Dinetz E, Lee E. Comprehensive Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in Human Clinical Trials. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024. ↗
  19. Andreone P, Gramenzi A, et al. Combination therapy with thymosin alpha1 and interferon for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection: a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trial. J Viral Hepat. 1998;5(2):99-104. ↗
  20. Garaci E, Perno CF, et al. A pilot study of the safety and efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 in augmenting immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients with low CD4 counts taking highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(2):273-280. ↗